Vehicles with turbocharged or direct injection engines are especially prone to carbon buildup. Below are some commonly affected makes, models, and engines:

Volkswagen (VW):

• Golf GTI (MK5-MK8): EA113 and EA888 engines.
• Passat and Jetta (TSI engines).

Audi:

• A4, A6, S4, RS5: TFSI engines like the EA888 Gen 3.
• Q5 and Q7 (3.0T engines).

BMW:

• 3-Series (N54, N55, S55 engines).
• M3, M4, and X5 with turbocharged engines.

Toyota:

• Land Cruiser (1VD-FTV and 1GR-FE engines).
• Prado diesel and gasoline models.

Hyundai/Kia:

• Sonata, Santa Fe, and Optima with Theta II engines.
• Stinger GT (Lambda II engines).

If you’re driving any of these models and notice power loss, misfires, or decreased fuel economy, it’s likely time for a professional carbon cleaning service.